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what did president john adams want the alien and sedition acts to do?

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1798 U.S. laws restricting immigration and outlawing criticism of the regime

Alien and Sedition Acts
Great Seal of the United States
Constructive 1798

In 1798, President John Adams signed the Conflicting and Sedition Acts, which were passed by the Federalist-dominated 5th U.s. Congress.[1] [a] They made it harder for an immigrant to become a citizen (Naturalization Act), allowed the president to imprison and deport non-citizens who were known every bit unsafe ("An Act Concerning Aliens", as well known as the "Alien Friends Act" of 1798)[2] or who were from a hostile nation ("Alien Enemy Human action" of 1798),[3] and criminalized making 'false statements' critical of the federal regime ("Sedition Human activity" of 1798).[4] The "Alien Friends Act" expired two years after its passage, and the "Sedition Act" expired on iii March 1801, while the "Naturalization Act" and "Conflicting Enemies Act" had no expiration clause.

The Federalists argued that the bills strengthened national security during the Quasi-War, an undeclared naval war with France from 1798 to 1800. Critics argued that they were primarily an endeavour to suppress voters who disagreed with the Federalist political party and its teachings, and violated the right of freedom of oral communication in the First Amendment to the U.Due south. Constitution.[5]

The Naturalization Act increased the residency requirement for American citizenship from v to fourteen years. At the fourth dimension, the majority of immigrants supported Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans, the political opponents of the Federalists.[one] The Alien Friends Act allowed the president to imprison or acquit aliens considered "dangerous to the peace and safety of the Usa" at any fourth dimension, while the Alien Enemies Act authorized the president to do the same to whatever male citizen of a hostile nation above the age of fourteen during times of state of war. Lastly, the controversial Sedition Human action restricted oral communication that was critical of the federal government. Under the Sedition Act, the Federalists immune people who were accused of violating the sedition laws to use truth as a defense.[six] The Sedition Deed resulted in the prosecution and conviction of many Jeffersonian newspaper owners who disagreed with the authorities.[vi]

The acts were denounced by Autonomous-Republicans and ultimately helped them to victory in the 1800 ballot, when Thomas Jefferson defeated the incumbent, President Adams. The Sedition Act and the Alien Friends Act were allowed to expire in 1800 and 1801, respectively. The Alien Enemies Human action, nevertheless, remains in effect as Chapter 3; Sections 21–24 of Title 50 of the United States Code.[7] It was used past the government to place and imprison allegedly "unsafe enemy" aliens from Federal republic of germany, Nippon, and Italy in World State of war Two. (This was separate from the Japanese internment camps used to remove people of Japanese descent from the W Coast.) Afterwards the war they were deported to their home countries. In 1948 the Supreme Court adamant that presidential powers under the acts continued after cessation of hostilities until there was a peace treaty with the hostile nation. The revised Alien Enemies Act remains in effect today.[8]

History [edit]

The Federalists' fear of the opposing Democratic-Republican Party reached new heights with the Democratic-Republicans' support of France in the midst of the French Revolution. Some appeared to desire a similar revolution in the United States to overthrow the government and social construction.[9] Newspapers sympathizing with each side exacerbated the tensions by accusing the other side'due south leaders of corruption, incompetence, and treason.[x] As the unrest sweeping Europe threatened to spread to the Usa, calls for secession started to ascent, and the fledgling nation seemed ready to tear itself apart.[11] Some of this agitation was seen by Federalists as having been caused by French and French-sympathizing immigrants.[xi] The Alien Act and the Sedition Act were meant to baby-sit against this perceived threat of chaos.

The Acts were highly controversial at the time, specially the Sedition Human action. The Sedition Act, which was signed into law by Adams on July 14, 1798,[12] was hotly debated in the Federalist-controlled Congress and passed but after multiple amendments softening its terms, such every bit enabling defendants to argue in their defense that their statements had been true. Withal, information technology passed the House only afterward iii votes and another amendment causing it to automatically expire in March 1801.[10] They continued to exist loudly protested and were a major political consequence in the election of 1800. Opposition to them resulted in the also-controversial Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, authored by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson.

Prominent prosecutions nether the Sedition Act include:

  • James Thomson Callender, a British subject, had been expelled from Neat Britain for his political writings. Living offset in Philadelphia, so seeking refuge close by in Virginia, he wrote a book titled The Prospect Before U.s. (read and approved by Vice President Jefferson before publication) in which he chosen the Adams administration a "continual tempest of cancerous passions" and the President a "repulsive pedant, a gross hypocrite and an unprincipled oppressor." Callender, already residing in Virginia and writing for the Richmond Examiner, was indicted in mid-1800 nether the Sedition Act and convicted, fined $200, and sentenced to 9 months in jail.[thirteen] : 211–twenty
  • Matthew Lyon was a Democratic-Republican congressman from Vermont. He was the first private to exist placed on trial under the Alien and Sedition Acts.[1] He was indicted in 1800 for an essay he had written in the Vermont Journal accusing the assistants of "ridiculous pomp, foolish applause, and selfish avarice." While awaiting trial, Lyon commenced publication of Lyon's Republican Mag, subtitled "The Scourge of Aristocracy". At trial, he was fined $1,000 and sentenced to four months in jail. After his release, he returned to Congress.[14] [thirteen] : 102–108
  • Benjamin Franklin Bache was editor of the Philadelphia Aurora, a Democratic-Republican newspaper. Bache had accused George Washington of incompetence and financial irregularities, and "the bullheaded, bald, crippled, toothless, querulous Adams" of nepotism and monarchical appetite. He was arrested in 1798 nether the Sedition Human action, but he died of yellow fever before trial.[13] : 27–29, 65, 96
  • Anthony Haswell was an English immigrant and a printer of the Jeffersonian Vermont Gazette.[15] Haswell had reprinted from the Aurora Bache'south claim that the federal government employed Tories, likewise publishing an advertisement from Lyon's sons for a lottery to raise money for his fine that decried Lyon's oppression by jailers exercising "usurped powers".[xvi] Haswell was constitute guilty of seditious libel by guess William Paterson, and sentenced to a two-month imprisonment and a $200 fine.[17]
  • Luther Baldwin was indicted, convicted, and fined $100 for a drunken incident that occurred during a visit past President Adams to Newark, New Jersey. Upon hearing a gun report during a parade, he yelled "I hope it hit Adams in the arse."[18] [13] : 112–14
  • In November 1798, David Chocolate-brown led a group in Dedham, Massachusetts, including Benjamin Fairbanks, in setting upwardly a liberty pole with the words, "No Postage Deed, No Sedition Act, No Alien Bills, No Land Revenue enhancement, downfall to the Tyrants of America; peace and retirement to the President; Long Live the Vice President."[17] [19] [twenty] Brown was arrested in Andover, Massachusetts, just because he could non afford the $four,000 bail, he was taken to Salem for trial.[19] Chocolate-brown was tried in June 1799.[17] Brownish pleaded guilty, simply Justice Samuel Hunt asked him to name others who had assisted him.[17] Brown refused, was fined $480 (equivalent to $7,300 in 2020),[19] [21] and sentenced to eighteen months in prison, the most astringent sentence imposed nether the Sedition Act.[17] [nineteen]

Contemporaneous reaction [edit]

After the passage of the highly unpopular Alien and Sedition Acts, protests occurred across the state,[22] with some of the largest being seen in Kentucky, where the crowds were so large they filled the streets and the entire town[ which? ] square.[23] Noting the outrage among the populace, the Democratic-Republicans made the Alien and Sedition Acts an important result in the 1800 ballot campaign. Upon assuming the Presidency, Thomas Jefferson pardoned those however serving sentences under the Sedition Act,[13] : 231 and Congress soon repaid their fines.[24] It has been said that the Alien Acts were aimed at Albert Gallatin, and the Sedition Act aimed at Benjamin Bache'southward Aurora.[25] While government regime prepared lists of aliens for deportation, many aliens fled the state during the contend over the Alien and Sedition Acts, and Adams never signed a deportation gild.[13] : 187–93

The Virginia and Kentucky state legislatures too passed the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, secretly authored by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, denouncing the federal legislation.[26] [27] [28] While the eventual resolutions followed Madison in advocating "interposition", Jefferson's initial draft would take nullified the Acts and even threatened secession.[b] Jefferson's biographer Dumas Malone argued that this might have gotten Jefferson impeached for treason, had his actions become known at the time.[30] In writing the Kentucky Resolutions, Jefferson warned that, "unless arrested at the threshold", the Alien and Sedition Acts would "necessarily bulldoze these states into revolution and blood".[ This quote needs a commendation ]

The Alien and Sedition Acts were never appealed to the Supreme Court, whose power of judicial review was not clearly established until Marbury five. Madison in 1803. Subsequent mentions in Supreme Court opinions beginning in the mid-20th century have causeless that the Sedition Human action would today exist found unconstitutional.[c]

The Alien Enemies Deed in the 20th and 21st centuries [edit]

The Alien Enemies Acts remained in effect at the get-go of World War I and remains U.S. law today.[viii] It was recodified to be part of the Us war and national defense statutes (50 USC 21–24).[8]

On December seven, 1941, responding to the bombing of Pearl Harbor, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt used the authorisation of the revised Conflicting Enemies Act to issue presidential proclamations #2525 (Alien Enemies – Japanese), #2526 (Conflicting Enemies – German), and #2527 (Conflicting Enemies – Italian), to apprehend, restrain, secure and remove Japanese, German language, and Italian not-citizens.[8] On February 19, 1942, citing authority of the wartime powers of the president and commander in master, Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, authorizing the Secretary of War to prescribe military areas and giving him authority that superseded the authority of other executives nether Proclamations 2525–7. EO 9066 led to the internment of Japanese Americans, whereby over 110,000 people of Japanese ancestry, 62% of whom were United states citizens, not aliens, living on the Pacific coast were forcibly relocated and forced to live in camps in the interior of the country.[32] [33]

Hostilities with Deutschland and Italy ended in May 1945, and with Nippon that August. Alien enemies, and U.Due south. citizens, continued to be interned. On July 14, 1945, President Harry South Truman issued Presidential Proclamation 2655, titled "Removal of Alien Enemies". The proclamation gave the Attorney Full general say-so regarding enemy aliens within the continental United States, to decide whether they are "dangerous to the public peace and safety of the United States", to club them removed, and to create regulations governing their removal. The proclamation cited the revised Conflicting Enemies Act (50 The statesC. 21–24) equally to powers of the President to make public proclamation regarding "subjects of the hostile nation" more than fourteen years sometime and living within the United States but not naturalized, to remove them as alien enemies, and to determine the ways of removal.

On September 8, 1945, Truman issued Presidential Declaration 2662, titled "Removal of Alien Enemies". The revised Alien Enemies Act (50 United statesC. 21–24) was cited equally to removal of conflicting enemies in the interest of the public safe. The United States had agreed, at a conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1942, to assume responsibility for the restraint and repatriation of dangerous conflicting enemies to be sent to the United States from Latin American republics. In another inter-American conference in Mexico City on March eight, 1945, Northward and South American governments resolved to recommended adoption of measures to prevent aliens of hostile nations who were deemed to be security threats or threats to welfare from remaining in Due north or South America. Truman gave say-so to the Secretary of State to determine if alien enemies in the United States who were sent to the United States from Latin America, or who were in the United States illegally, endangered the welfare or security of the country. The Secretarial assistant of State was given power to remove them "to destinations outside the limits of the Western Hemisphere", to the sometime enemy territory of the governments to whose "principles of which (the conflicting enemies) have adhered". The Section of Justice was directed to assistance the Secretary of State in their prompt removal.

On April x, 1946, Truman issued Presidential Proclamation 2685, titled "Removal of Alien Enemies", citing the revised Alien Enemies Human action (50 U.S.C. 21–24) as to its provision for the "removal from the United States of alien enemies in the involvement of the public rubber". Truman proclaimed regulations that were in addition to and supplemented other "regulations affecting the restraint and removal of alien enemies". As to alien enemies who had been brought into the continental United States from Latin America after December 1941, the proclamation gave the Secretarial assistant of State authority to determine if their presence was "prejudicial to the future security or welfare of the Americas", and to brand regulations for their removal. 30 days was set as the reasonable fourth dimension for them to "upshot the recovery, disposal, and removal of (their) appurtenances and effects, and for (their) departure".

In 1947 New York's Ellis Isle connected to incarcerate hundreds of indigenous Germans. Fort Lincoln was a large internment camp still holding internees in N Dakota. Due north Dakota was represented by controversial Senator William "Wild Bill" Langer. Langer introduced a neb (S. 1749) "for the relief of all persons detained as enemy aliens", and directing the U.S. Attorney Full general to cancel "outstanding warrants of arrest, removal, or deportation" for many German aliens still interned, list many by name, and all of those detained by the Clearing and Naturalization Service, which was under the Section of Justice. It directed the INS not to issue any more warrants or orders, if their only basis was the original warrants of arrest. The bill never passed. The Chaser Full general gave upward plenary jurisdiction over the terminal internee on Ellis Island belatedly in 1948.

In Ludecke 5. Watkins (1948), the Supreme Courtroom interpreted the time of release under the Conflicting Enemies Act. German conflicting Kurt Yard. Westward. Ludecke was detained in 1941, under Announcement 2526. and continued to be held after abeyance of hostilities. In 1947, Ludecke petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus to guild his release, after the Attorney Full general ordered him deported. The court ruled five–4 to release Ludecke, but also found that the Alien Enemies Deed immune for detainment beyond the fourth dimension hostilities ceased, until an actual treaty was signed with the hostile nation or regime.

In 1988, Congress introduced the Civil Liberties Human activity of 1988, whose purpose amid others was to acknowledge and repent for deportment of the U.S. against individuals of Japanese ancestry during World State of war Two.[34] The statement from Congress agreed with the Committee on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, that "a grave injustice was done to both citizens and permanent resident aliens of Japanese ... without acceptable security reasons and without any acts of espionage or sabotage documented past the Committee, and were motivated largely by racial prejudice, wartime hysteria, and a failure of political leadership".[ This quote needs a commendation ]

In 2015, presidential candidate Donald Trump called for a temporary ban on any Muslims entering the state in response to the San Bernardino attack.[35] He later shifted his proposal,[36] and fabricated a proposal to ban people from vii predominantly Muslim countries from entering the United States; Roosevelt's awarding of the Conflicting Enemies Act was cited as a possible justification. The proposal created international controversy, cartoon criticism from foreign heads of state that have historically remained uninvolved in Us presidential elections.[37] [38] [39] [40] [d] A quondam Reagan Administration aide noted that, despite criticism of Trump's proposal to invoke the law, "the Alien Enemies Act ... is however on the books ... (and people) in Congress for many decades (haven't) repealed the law ... (nor has) Barack Obama".[41] Other critics claimed that the proposal violated founding principles, and was unconstitutional for singling out a religion, and not a hostile nation. They included the Pentagon and others, who argued that the proposal (and its citation of the Alien Enemies proclamations as authority) played into the ISIL narrative that the United States was at war with the entire Muslim religion (not just with ISIL and other terrorist entities).[42] On June 26, 2018, in the 5–iv decision Trump v. Hawaii, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld Presidential Annunciation 9645, the third version of President Trump's travel ban, with the majority opinion being written past Master Justice John Roberts.[43]

Run across also [edit]

  • Alien Act of 1705 in Great U.k.
  • Seditious Meetings Act 1795 in Cracking United kingdom
  • Ceremonious Liberties Act of 1988
  • Espionage Deed of 1917
  • Logan Act of 1799
  • Nullification Crisis
  • Sedition Deed of 1918
  • Conflicting Registration Act of 1940
  • The states PATRIOT Deed of 2001
  • Violent Radicalization and Homegrown Terrorism Prevention Act of 2007
  • State Secrecy Law of 2013 in Nihon

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ An "conflicting" in this sense, is a person who is not a national of the United States.
  2. ^ Jefferson'due south draft said:
    ... "where powers are assumed [past the federal government] which accept non been delegated, a nullification of the act is the rightful remedy: that every State has a natural right in cases not within the meaty, (casus non fœderis) to nullify of their own authority all assumptions of ability by others within their limits."[29]
  3. ^ In the seminal free spoken communication case of New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, the Court declared
    "Although the Sedition Deed was never tested in this Courtroom, the attack upon its validity has carried the solar day in the court of history."[24]
    In a concurring opinion in Watts 5. United States (which involved an declared threat against President Johnson) William O. Douglas noted
    "The Alien and Sedition Laws constituted one of our sorriest chapters; and I had thought we had done with them forever ... Suppression of speech every bit an constructive constabulary measure is an old, old device, outlawed by our Constitution."[31]
  4. ^ The list of countries named in Mr. Trump's announcement included Democratic people's republic of korea and Venezuela, which are non-majority-Muslim countries, hence the merits it was [exclusively] a "ban on Muslims" is false. [However, the remaining countries on the list were Syria, Iran, Chad, Libya, Yemen, and Somalia, each with differing levels of brake; Republic of iraq was covered in a prior gild. Later orders banned Eritrea, Kyrgyzstan, Myanmar, Nigeria, Sudan, and Tanzania. Hence 10 out of 13 of the banned countries were majority Muslim, or plurality Muslim. See Countries included in the executive order and related proclamations.]

Footnotes [edit]

  1. ^ a b c "The Alien and Sedition Acts: Defining American Freedom". Ramble Rights Foundation. 2003. Archived from the original on 21 Baronial 2016. Retrieved xiv October 2015.
  2. ^ "An Deed Concerning Aliens". memory.loc.gov. U.S. Library of Congress. 25 June 1798. Sess II, Chap. 58; fifth Congress.
  3. ^ "An Act respecting Conflicting Enemies" (PDF). library.uwb.edu. 25 June 1798. Sess Two, Chap. 58; 1 Stat. 577 fifth Congress; ch. 66.
  4. ^ "An Act in addition the act, entitled, "An Human activity for the penalization of certain crimes against the The states"". memory.loc.gov. U.Due south. Library of Congress. fourteen July 1798. Sess Two, Chap. 74; fifth Congress.
  5. ^ Watkins, William J., Jr. (fourteen February 2008). Reclaiming the American Revolution. p. 28. ISBN978-0-230-60257-ane.
  6. ^ a b Gillman, Howard; Graber, Mark A.; Whittington, Keith E. (2012). American Constitutionalism. New York: Oxford Academy Press. p. 174. ISBN978-0-nineteen-975135-8.
  7. ^ "Alien Enemies". Law School. Cornell Academy. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  8. ^ a b c d "Alien Enemies Act and related World War Ii presidential proclamations". German American Internee Coalition.
  9. ^ "Thomas Jefferson: Establishing a Federal Republic". Library of Congress. 24 April 2000.
  10. ^ a b Weisberger, Bernard A. (2000). America Ablaze: Jefferson, Adams, and the Revolutionary Ballot of 1800. William Morrow. p. 201.
  11. ^ a b Knott, Stephen F. (2005). Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth. Lawrence, KA: University Press of Kansas. p. 48. ISBN978-0-7006-1419-6.
  12. ^ "The Sedition Human activity of 1798". history.firm.gov. United states House of Representatives. Retrieved thirteen July 2020.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Miller, John C. (1951). Crisis in Liberty: The Alien and Sedition Acts . New York: Piffling Dark-brown and Visitor.
  14. ^ Foner, Eric (2008). Requite Me Freedom!. W.W. Norton and Company. pp. 282–283. ISBN978-0-393-93257-7.
  15. ^ Tyler, Resch. "Anthony Haswell". Bennington Museum. Archived from the original on 2 Apr 2016.
  16. ^ Wharton, Francis (1849). State Trials of the United States during the administrations of Washington and Adams. Philadelphia: Carey and Hart. pp. 684–587.
  17. ^ a b c d east Stone, Geoffrey R. (2004). Perilous Times: Free Voice communication in Wartime from the Sedition Human activity of 1798 to the War on Terrorism . W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 63–64. ISBN978-0-393-05880-two.
  18. ^ Smith, James Morton (1956), Liberty's Fetters: The Alien and Sedition Laws and American civil liberties, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 270–274
  19. ^ a b c d Tise, Larry East. (1998). The American Counterrevolution: a Retreat from Liberty, 1783–1800. Stackpole Books. pp. 420–421. ISBN978-0-8117-0100-half-dozen.
  20. ^ Curtis, Michael Kent (2000). Free spoken communication, "the people'southward darling privilege": Struggles for freedom of expression in American history. Duke University Press. p. 88. ISBN978-0-8223-2529-ane.
  21. ^ Simon, James F. (2003). What Kind of Nation: Thomas Jefferson, John Marshall, and the Epic Struggle to Create a United states . Simon and Schuster. p. 55. ISBN978-0-684-84871-6.
  22. ^ Halperin, Terri Diane (8 May 2016). The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798. ISBN9781421419701.
  23. ^ Bradburn, Douglas (2009). The Citizenship Revolution – Politics and the Creation of the American Matrimony, 1774–1804. University of Virginia Press. ISBN9780813935768. sometime ISBN 0813935768
  24. ^ a b Total Supreme Court stance. Police force School (Report). New York Times Co. v. Sullivan. Cornell University. 1964. 376 U.S. 254, 276.
  25. ^ Forest, Thomas E., Jr. (2005). "What states rights really mean". LewRockwell.com. [ better source needed ]
  26. ^ Portal:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
  27. ^ Wikisource:Virginia Resolutions of 1798
  28. ^ Reed, Ishmael (five July 2004). "Thomas Jefferson: The Patriot Deed of the 18th century". Time magazine. Archived from the original on 18 November 2007.
  29. ^ Jefferson, Thomas. "Jefferson's draft of the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798". constitution.org.
  30. ^ Chernow, Ron (2004). Alexander Hamilton . New York, NY: Penguin Printing. pp. 586–587. ISBN9781594200090 – via Archive.org.
  31. ^ "Watts 5. Usa". findlaw.com. 394 U.S. 705.
  32. ^ Semiannual Report of the War Relocation Authority, for the menstruum January i to June 30, 1946, non dated. Papers of Dillon S. Myer. Scanned image at Archived 16 June 2018 at the Wayback Motorcar trumanlibrary.org. Retrieved September 18, 2006.
  33. ^ "The State of war Relocation Authority and the Incarceration of Japanese Americans During Globe War 2: 1948 Chronology", Spider web page Archived 2015-11-05 at the Wayback Machine at www.trumanlibrary.org. Retrieved September 11, 2006.
  34. ^ Civil Liberties Act of 1988, GPO Public Law 100-383, 1988
  35. ^ Johnson, Jenna (vii December 2015). "Trump calls for 'full and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United states'". The Washington Postal service.
  36. ^ Faulders, Katherine (25 June 2016). "Trump Shifts Muslim Ban to Focus on Just 'Terrorist' Nations". ABC News . Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  37. ^ "David Cameron criticises Donald Trump 'Muslim ban' call". BBC News.
  38. ^ Walsh, Deirdre; Diamond, Jeremy; Barrett, Ted (8 December 2015). "Priebus, Ryan, and McConnell rip Trump anti-Muslim proposal". CNN.
  39. ^ Gowen, Annie (8 December 2015). "The earth reacts to Trump's proposed ban on Muslims entering the U.S." The Washington Post.
  40. ^ Kamisar, Ben (7 Dec 2015). "Trump calls for 'shutdown' of Muslims entering U.s.". The Hill.
  41. ^ Kirell, Andrew (eight December 2015). "Reagan aide: Trump'due south critics are the real xenophobes". The Daily Beast.
  42. ^ "Trump'southward Muslim ban phone call 'endangers U.S. security'". BBC News. 8 Dec 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  43. ^ Liptak, Adam; Shear, Michael D. (26 June 2018). "Trump'southward travel ban is upheld by Supreme Court". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2018.

Farther reading [edit]

  • Berkin, Ballad. A Sovereign People: The Crises of the 1790s and the Birth of American Nationalism (2017) pp 201–44.
  • Berns, Walter (1970). "Freedom of the Press and the Alien and Sedition Laws: A Reappraisal". Supreme Courtroom Review. 1970: 109–159. doi:10.1086/scr.1970.3108724. JSTOR 3108724. S2CID 147242863.
  • Bird, Wendell. Criminal Dissent: Prosecutions under the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798. Harvard University Press, 2020.
  • Bird, Wendell. Press and Speech Under Attack: The Early Supreme Courtroom Justices, the Sedition Act of 1798, and the Campaign Against Dissent. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • Elkins, Stanley K.; McKitrick, Eric (1995). The Age of Federalism.
  • Halperin, Terri Diane. The Conflicting and Sedition Acts of 1798: Testing the Constitution. Johns Hopkins Academy Printing, 2016.
  • Jenkins, David (April 2001). "The Sedition Act of 1798 and the Incorporation of Seditious Libel into First Subpoena Jurisprudence". The American Journal of Legal History. 45 (2): 154–213. doi:ten.2307/3185366. JSTOR 3185366.
  • Martin, James P. (Wintertime 1999). "When Repression Is Democratic and Constitutional: The Federalist Theory of Representation and the Sedition Act of 1798". Academy of Chicago Police Review. 66 (i): 117–182. doi:10.2307/1600387. JSTOR 1600387.
  • Miller, John Chester (1951). Crunch in Liberty: The Conflicting and Sedition Acts . New York: Little Brown and Visitor.
  • Rehnquist, William H. (1994). Yard Inquests: The Historic Impeachments of Justice Samuel Hunt and President Andrew Johnson. Chase was impeached and acquitted for his comport of a trial under the Sedition act.
  • Rosenfeld, Richard Due north. (1997). American Aurora: A Democratic-Republican Returns: The Suppressed History of Our Nation'southward Ancestry and the Heroic Newspaper That Tried to Study Information technology . New York: St. Martin's Press.
  • Smith, James Morton (1956). Liberty'south Fetters: The Conflicting and Sedition Laws and American Ceremonious Liberties . Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Stone, Geoffrey R. (2004). Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime from The Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism .
  • Taylor, Alan (2004). "The Conflicting and Sedition Acts". In Zelizer, Julian Due east. (ed.). The American Congress. pp. 63–76.
  • Wineapple, Brenda, "Our Showtime Authoritarian Crackdown" (review of Wendell Bird, Criminal Dissent: Prosecutions nether the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, Harvard Academy Printing, 2020, 546 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVII, no. 11 (2 July 2020), pp. 39–40. Wineapple closes: "Jefferson said it all: 'I know non what mortifies me near, that I should fear to write what I call up, or my state bear such a state of things.'"
  • Wright, Barry (April 2002). "Migration, Radicalism, and State Security: Legislative Initiatives in the Canada and the United States c. 1794–1804". Studies in American Political Development. 16 (1): 48–sixty. doi:10.1017/S0898588X02000032. S2CID 145076899.

Master sources [edit]

  • Randolph, J.W. The Virginia Report of 1799–1800, Touching the Conflicting and Sedition Laws; together with the Virginia Resolutions of December 21, 1798, the Debate and Proceedings thereon in the Firm of Delegates of Virginia, and several other documents illustrative of the report and resolutions

External links [edit]

  • Full Text of Alien and Sedition Acts
  • Conflicting and Sedition Acts and Related Resources from the Library of Congress
  • Naturalization Human action, 1798
  • Alien Friends Act, Alien Enemies Human activity, Sedition Act, 1798
  • l U.S. Code § 21 – Restraint, regulation, 1918
  • Presidential Annunciation 2525, Conflicting Enemies—Japanese, Dec 07, 1941
  • Presidential Announcement 2526, Conflicting Enemies—German language, Dec 07, 1941
  • Presidential Annunciation 2527, Conflicting Enemies—Italians, December 07, 1941
  • Executive Order 9066 Authorizing the Secretary of War to Prescribe Military machine Areas, February 19, 1942
  • Presidential Proclamation 2655—Removal of Alien Enemies, July xiv, 1945
  • Presidential Declaration 2662—Removal of Alien Enemies, September 8, 1945
  • Presidential Proclamation 2685—Removal of Alien Enemies, April 10, 1946
  • Langer Bill, Southward. 1749, 1947
  • Ludecke v. Watkins, 335 U.S. 160 (1948)
  • Printing Release—"Donald J. Trump Argument on Preventing Muslim Immigration", December 07, 2015

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts

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